Free Advice & Health Tips
Gynaecology & Menopause
Welcome to our trusted hub of free advice and health tips focused on Gynaecology and Menopause. Whether you’re navigating menstrual concerns, reproductive health, or the changes that come with menopause, this resource is here to support and inform. Our goal is to provide clear, practical guidance to help you understand your body, make informed decisions, and feel confident in your health journey. Explore the topics below for expert-backed tips, answers to common questions, and supportive insights tailored to every stage of womanhood.
Dr Samina Javaid provides personalised gynaecology and menopause consultations tailored to your needs. Book your consultation with Dr Samina Javaid.
Painful Urination
Painful urination, or dysuria, is a common symptom in women and is often caused by a urinary tract infection (UTI). It may present as a burning or stinging sensation during urination and can be accompanied by other symptoms such as increased frequency or urgency to urinate.
In addition to infections, painful urination can result from vaginal irritation, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), or hormonal changes, particularly around menopause. Identifying the underlying cause is essential for effective treatment and symptom relief.
What can women do to improve symptoms of painful urination?
Women can take several steps to help improve symptoms of dysuria, depending on the underlying cause:
- Stay well hydrated – Drinking plenty of water helps flush out bacteria from the urinary tract.
- Urinate regularly – Avoid holding urine for long periods, and try to fully empty the bladder each time.
- Practice good hygiene – Wipe from front to back after using the toilet and avoid using harsh soaps or scented products in the genital area.
- Wear breathable clothing – Cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothes reduce moisture and irritation.
- Avoid bladder irritants – Reduce intake of caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, and artificial sweeteners, which can aggravate symptoms. Supplements to make urine alkaline may also help.
- Use vaginal oestrogen (if postmenopausal) – For women with vaginal atrophy due to menopause, local oestrogen treatment can restore the vaginal and urethral lining, improving symptoms.
What is Pre-menstrual Tension – PMT
Pre-menstrual tension (PMT), also known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), refers to the physical, emotional, and behavioural symptoms that occur in the days or weeks leading up to a period. Common symptoms include mood swings, irritability, anxiety, breast tenderness, bloating, headaches, and tiredness.
These symptoms are linked to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle and usually improve once the period starts. While mild PMT is common, in some women the symptoms can be severe and interfere with daily life, in which case Consulting Dr Samina Javaid can ensure personalised care and management strategies.
What is the difference between PMS and PMDD?
Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) and pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) both involve physical and emotional symptoms that occur before a period, but they differ in severity and impact.
PMS is common and causes mild to moderate symptoms such as mood swings, irritability, bloating, and breast tenderness, which usually do not interfere significantly with daily life. In contrast, PMDD is a much more severe form, where emotional symptoms like extreme mood changes, depression, anxiety, or anger can be disabling and greatly affect work, relationships, and overall wellbeing. PMDD often requires medical treatment to help manage its impact.
Herbal treatment for Premenstrual Syndrome – PMS
Herbal treatments are sometimes used to help manage symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), particularly mild mood changes, breast tenderness, and bloating. One of the most commonly studied herbs is agnus castus (vitex or chasteberry), which may help regulate hormone levels and ease symptoms such as irritability and low mood. Other herbs like St John’s wort, evening primrose oil, and ginger have also been used, though scientific evidence varies. While some women find relief with herbal remedies, it’s important to use them cautiously, as they can interact with medications or have side effects. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any herbal treatment.
Anti-anxiety medicines, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine, sertraline, or citalopram, are commonly used to treat the emotional and psychological symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). These medicines can help reduce severe mood swings, irritability, anxiety, and depression that occur in the weeks before a period. SSRIs may be taken either continuously or just during the second half of the menstrual cycle, depending on individual needs. In some cases, other types of anti-anxiety medication may be considered. Treatment should always be guided by a doctor to ensure safety and effectiveness.
Increased vaginal discharge
Increased vaginal discharge in women is often a normal response to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or sexual arousal. However, a noticeable change in the amount, colour, consistency, or smell of discharge may indicate an infection, such as bacterial vaginosis, thrush (candida), or a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Other potential causes include irritation from hygiene products or an imbalance in the vaginal microbiome. If the discharge is accompanied by itching, burning, or an unusual odour, it is important to seek medical advice to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.
Do combined contraceptive pills increase vaginal discharge?
Yes, combined contraceptive pills (which contain both oestrogen and progestogen) can increase vaginal discharge in some women. This is usually a normal response to the hormonal changes caused by the pill. Oestrogen, in particular, can stimulate the cervical glands to produce more mucus, leading to increased vaginal secretions. The discharge is typically clear or white and doesn’t have an unpleasant smell or cause irritation. However, if the discharge changes in colour, consistency, or odour, or is accompanied by itching or discomfort, it may indicate an infection and should be assessed by a healthcare professional. Consulting Dr Samina Javaid can ensure personalised care and management strategies.
What is a Mirena Coil?
A Mirena coil, also known as a Mirena IUS (intrauterine system), is a small, T-shaped device containing a hormone called levonorgestrel that is inserted into the uterus (womb) to provide long-term contraception (up to 8 years).
The Mirena coil is a long-term, reversible method of contraception, and can also be used to treat heavy periods and as part of hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
Mirena Coil Insertion
Insertion of Mirena Coil is usually done in a clinic and takes just a few minutes. You may feel some cramping or discomfort during and after the procedure—taking a painkiller beforehand can help. It’s a good idea to eat something beforehand and bring a friend or arrange transport, as you might feel lightheaded afterward. Most side effects like spotting or cramping settle within a few weeks. Always follow up with Dr Samina Javaid if you have concerns.
What remedies women may use to balance Vaginal PH?
To help balance vaginal pH and maintain a healthy vaginal environment, women can consider the following remedies and lifestyle measures:
- Probiotics – Taking probiotic supplements, especially those containing Lactobacillus strains, or eating probiotic-rich foods like live yoghurt, may help restore healthy vaginal flora.
- Avoid douching and scented products – These can disrupt the natural pH and microbiome of the vagina.
- Use pH-balanced intimate washes – If needed, choose gentle, fragrance-free products designed to support the vaginal pH (typically around 3.8–4.5).
- Wear breathable underwear – Cotton underwear and avoiding tight clothing reduce moisture build-up, which helps maintain a balanced environment.
- Consider vaginal probiotics or lactic acid gels – These are available over the counter and can help restore healthy pH, especially after antibiotics or recurrent bacterial vaginosis.
- Manage hormones – In postmenopausal women, local oestrogen therapy may help maintain the vaginal lining and pH balance.
- If symptoms of imbalance persist (e.g., unusual discharge, odour, or discomfort), it’s important to seek medical advice to rule out infections or other underlying issues.
What is Cystitis?
Cystitis is a common urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects the bladder, particularly in women. It typically results from bacteria entering the urinary tract, leading to inflammation and symptoms such as a frequent urge to urinate, burning or stinging during urination, and lower abdominal discomfort.
While mild cases may resolve on their own, persistent or severe symptoms often require antibiotic treatment. Hormonal changes, sexual activity, and certain hygiene practices can increase the risk, making prevention and early management important, especially in recurrent cases.
What is Bacterial Vaginosis?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance in the normal bacteria of the vagina. It often occurs when the healthy lactobacilli are reduced and replaced by other types of bacteria. Bacterial Vaginosis typically presents with a thin, greyish-white discharge and a distinctive fishy odour, especially after sex. Unlike thrush, it usually doesn’t cause itching or soreness.
While not a sexually transmitted infection, Bacterial Vaginosis is more common in sexually active women. It is usually treated with antibiotics, and avoiding irritants and maintaining good vaginal hygiene can help prevent recurrence.
Fibroids in Uterus
Fibroids, also known as uterine leiomyomas, are non-cancerous growths of muscle and fibrous tissue that develop in or around the uterus. They are very common, particularly in women of reproductive age, and can vary greatly in size and number.
Symptoms of Fibroids
While many fibroids cause no symptoms, they can sometimes lead to heavy or prolonged periods, pelvic pressure, bloating, urinary frequency, or fertility issues, depending on their size and location.
Treatment of Fibroids
Treatment options range from medical management to surgical procedures, such as myomectomy or hysterectomy, depending on symptoms, the woman’s age, and reproductive plans.
Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is a serious condition that arises from the cells of the ovary, most commonly from the surface epithelium.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian Cancer often develops without obvious early symptoms, which can lead to late diagnosis. When symptoms do occur, they may include persistent bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, feeling full quickly when eating, and urinary urgency or frequency.
Risk factors of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is more common in postmenopausal women, and risk factors include age, family history, certain genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2), and endometriosis.
Treatment of Ovarian Cancer
Treatment typically involves surgery and chemotherapy, with outcomes depending on the stage at diagnosis.
What causes Vulval itching?
Vulval itching is a common symptom in women and can have a variety of causes, ranging from irritation and allergic reactions to infections such as thrush or bacterial vaginosis. It may also be linked to skin conditions like eczema or lichen sclerosus, or hormonal changes, particularly after menopause when the vulval tissues become thinner and drier.
Persistent or severe itching can affect quality of life and may lead to further irritation or broken skin from scratching. Identifying the underlying cause is important, and women experiencing ongoing symptoms should seek medical advice for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.
What can soothe vulval itching in women?
To help balance vaginal pH and maintain a healthy vaginal environment, women can consider the following remedies and lifestyle measures:
- Use a gentle emollient – Fragrance-free moisturisers or barrier creams (like petroleum jelly or paraffin-based products) can soothe dryness and protect sensitive skin.
- Avoid irritants – Steer clear of perfumed soaps, bubble baths, sanitary products with fragrance, and tight synthetic underwear that can aggravate the vulval area.
- Wear breathable cotton underwear – This helps reduce moisture and friction, promoting skin healing and comfort.
- Cool compresses – Applying a clean, cold compress can provide temporary relief from itching and inflammation.
- Use anti-itch creams cautiously – Mild topical steroids or antifungal creams may be prescribed if itching is due to conditions like eczema, dermatitis, or thrush, but these should be used under medical guidance.
- Consider vaginal oestrogen (if postmenopausal) – Local oestrogen can relieve dryness and irritation linked to vulvovaginal atrophy.
If itching persists, worsens, or is associated with other symptoms (e.g. discharge, pain, or skin changes), it’s important to consult Dr Samina Javaid for diagnosis, tailored treatment, personalised care and management strategies.
Breast pain – Mastalgia
Breast pain or mastalgia is a common symptom that many women experience at some point in their lives. It may feel like heaviness, tenderness, burning, or a sharp ache, and can affect one or both breasts. Often, breast pain is linked to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or menopause. It can also result from benign breast conditions, infections, or strain on the chest muscles.
Although breast pain is rarely a sign of cancer, any persistent pain, especially if accompanied by a lump or skin changes, should be assessed by a doctor for reassurance and appropriate care.
Bloating in women
Bloating in women is a common and often uncomfortable sensation of abdominal fullness or swelling, which may fluctuate throughout the day. It can be related to digestive issues such as gas, constipation, or food intolerances, as well as hormonal fluctuations around menstruation, perimenopause, or menopause.
For some women, bloating may also be linked to conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). While occasional bloating is usually harmless, persistent or severe symptoms should be evaluated to rule out underlying medical concerns such as ovarian or gastrointestinal disorders.
What are Essential Fatty Acids – EFAs?
Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are types of polyunsaturated fats that the body cannot produce on its own and must be obtained through the diet. The two main EFAs are omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, both crucial for brain function, heart health, hormone production, and reducing inflammation. Omega-3s, found in oily fish (like salmon and mackerel), flaxseeds, and walnuts, are especially known for their anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular benefits. Omega-6s, found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds, are also important but should be balanced with omega-3 intake to maintain optimal health.
Including a variety of healthy fats in the diet supports overall wellbeing and cellular function.
What is the FODMAP diet?
The FODMAP diet is a dietary approach designed to help manage symptoms of bloating, gas, and abdominal discomfort, particularly in people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
FODMAPs are a group of fermentable carbohydrates—such as lactose, fructose, and certain fibres—that are poorly absorbed in the gut and can be fermented by bacteria, leading to excess gas and water retention. By reducing high-FODMAP foods (like onions, garlic, beans, and some fruits), many people experience significant relief from bloating.
The FODMAP diet is typically followed in phases under the guidance of a dietitian to identify personal triggers and maintain nutritional balance.
What is a good nutrition?
Good nutrition relies on a balance of essential elements that support overall health and wellbeing. These include macronutrients—carbohydrates, proteins, and fats—which provide energy and are vital for growth, repair, and body function. Equally important are micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals, which support immune function, bone health, and metabolic processes. Water, fibre, and phytonutrients from plant-based foods also play key roles in digestion and disease prevention.
A varied, balanced diet ensures the body receives all the necessary components to function optimally.
What are Micronutrients?
Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals required by the body in small amounts but are essential for maintaining health and preventing disease. They play critical roles in energy production, immune function, bone health, and brain development. Examples include iron, which helps transport oxygen in the blood; calcium, vital for strong bones and teeth; and vitamins like B12, D, and C, which support nerve function, mood, and immunity.
Because the body cannot produce most micronutrients, they must be obtained through a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy, and lean proteins.
What are Weight-bearing exercises?
Weight-bearing exercises are activities that make you move against gravity while staying upright, forcing your bones and muscles to support your body weight. These exercises stimulate bone growth and help maintain or improve bone density, making them especially important for bone health and the prevention of osteoporosis.
Examples of weight-bearing exercises include walking, jogging, dancing, hiking, climbing stairs, and resistance training using weights or body weight (like squats or push-ups).
Unlike non-weight-bearing exercises such as swimming or cycling, weight-bearing activities place mechanical stress on the bones, which encourages them to grow stronger over time.
Medicines to help loose weight
Several prescription medications are available to support weight loss in individuals who struggle to lose weight through diet and exercise alone, particularly when excess weight poses health risks.
Commonly used medicines include orlistat, which works by reducing fat absorption in the gut, and liraglutide and semaglutide (GLP-1 receptor agonists), which help regulate appetite and increase feelings of fullness. Naltrexone-bupropion is another combination that affects the brain’s hunger and reward centres.
These medications are typically recommended for people with a BMI over 30, or over 27 with weight-related health conditions, and are most effective when used alongside lifestyle changes. Medical supervision is important to monitor side effects and ensure safe, long-term weight management.
Ozempic or Mounjaro? Which is better?
Ozempic (semaglutide) and Mounjaro (tirzepatide) are both injectable medications originally developed for type 2 diabetes but increasingly used for weight loss. Both belong to the GLP-1 receptor agonist family, but Mounjaro also targets a second receptor called GIP, which may enhance its effects.
Comparing Ozempic and Mounjaro
Effectiveness: Clinical studies suggest Mounjaro (tirzepatide) tends to result in greater weight loss than Ozempic. Some patients have lost 20% or more of their body weight with Mounjaro at higher doses.
Mechanism: Ozempic acts on the GLP-1 receptor alone, while Mounjaro activates both GLP-1 and GIP receptors, which may offer a broader metabolic effect.
Side effects: Both can cause nausea, vomiting, constipation, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. These may be slightly more common with Mounjaro, especially early in treatment.
Approval status: Ozempic is only licensed as a type 2 diabetes treatment in the UK. Another semaglutide-containing injection called Wegovy is licensed for weight loss. Mounjaro is approved in the UK for treating type 2 diabetes and for treating obesity. Mounjaro was approved by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for treating obesity on the NHS in December 2024.
Conclusion
If the primary goal is weight loss, Mounjaro/Zepbound may offer greater results, but individual response, tolerance, and access (including cost and availability) should guide the choice. A healthcare professional can help determine which is most appropriate based on medical history and goals.
Menopause
Gynaecology and Menopause Specialists2025-07-28T11:49:52+01:00January 20th, 2025|Comments Off on Menopause
Menopause is when your periods stop due to lower hormone levels. It affects anyone who has periods. Menopause usually affects women between the ages of 45 and 55, but it can happen earlier. Menopause can happen naturally, or for reasons such as surgery to remove the ovaries (oophorectomy) or the uterus (hysterectomy), cancer treatments like chemotherapy, or a genetic reason. Sometimes the reason is unknown.
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Gynaecology and Menopause Specialists2025-07-28T12:01:38+01:00January 20th, 2025|Comments Off on Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is a treatment used to help menopause symptoms. It replaces the hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which fall to low levels as you approach the menopause. Oestrogen and progesterone are an essential part of period cycles, ovulation and pregnancy. They also keep your bones healthy. As you get older, the loss of these hormones can have a big effect on your body.
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